Time Trends in Male Breast Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Survival in Austria (1983-2017).

Background: Male breast cancer (MBC) comprises less than 1% of all breast cancer cases globally and remains understudied with persisting sex-specific survival disadvantages. We aim to contribute to better understanding of MBC with a comprehensive analysis of time-trends over several decades in Austria. Methods: We used Austrian National Cancer Registry data on 1648 cases of MBC cases diagnosed between 1983 and 2017 in Austria. Overall incidence, mortality, and survival rates, as well as age-, stage-, and period-specific incidence and survival rates were calculated. Joinpoint regression was performed to assess trends. Results: MBC incidence rates increased throughout the whole observation period (1983-2017) with an annual percent change (APC) of 1.44% (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.77 to 2.11). During the same period, morality rates were stable (APC: -0.25, 95% CI: -0.53 to 0.60). Ten-year survival rates showed three phases of decreasing increases with an average APC of 2.45%, 1983-2009 (95% CI: 2.1 to 2.74). Five-year survival rates improved until 2000 (APC: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.34 to 3.30) and remained stable thereafter (APC: 0.10, 95% CI: -0.61 to 0.80). Stage-specific analyses showed a single trend of stable incidence rates of distant disease MBC (APC: -0.03, 95% CI: -1.67 to 1.65). Further, we observed increases in localised, regional, and unknown stage cancer incidence and increases in incidence rates across all age groups over the whole observation period. However, the estimates on these subgroup-specific trends (according to age- and stage) show wider 95% CIs and lower bounds closer to zero or negative in comparison to our findings on overall incidence, mortality, and survival. Conclusion: Despite improvements in survival rates, MBC mortality rates remained largely stable between 1983 and 2017 in Austria, possibly resulting from a balance between increasing overall incidence and stable incidence rates of distant disease MBC.

Evaluation of an online suicide prevention campaign targeting men.

BACKGROUND: Men are at elevated risk of suicide compared to women. Adherence to traditional norms of masculinity can interfere with potential protective factors such as openness to talk and seeking social support, which can contribute to the increased suicide risk. An online public health campaign was developed to improve mental health among men and tackle the stigma surrounding it. This study aimed at examining whether the online suicide prevention campaign targeting men increased openness to talk about emotions and help-seeking behavior and decreased hopelessness and adherence to traditional gender norms concerning self-reliance. METHOD: 250 men (18+) from Flanders (Belgium) were recruited online and given access to the campaign website for a period of 3 days. Before and after viewing the campaign website, participants were asked to complete an online survey. RESULTS: Viewing the campaign was associated with a small increase in help-seeking intention when experiencing suicidal thoughts. Among men who reported mental health problems, a small increase in openness to communicating and expressing emotions was found after viewing the campaign. In general, participants evaluated the campaign positively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the potential beneficial impact of an online prevention campaign specifically targeting men on health behaviors that may protect against suicidal behavior.

Dose-response association between 24-hour total movement activity and testosterone deficiency in adult males.

Background and objectives: Previous studies on the relationship between physical activity and testosterone are limited and controversial. Hence we investigated whether high level of physical activity is associated with a low risk of testosterone deficiency (TD). Methods: This cross-sectional analysis was conducted in a representative sample of US adult males who participated in the 2011-2014 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We used the monitor independent movement summary (MIMS) to assess activity intensity, a novel physical activity metrics developed using raw data collected by accelerometers. Multivariable regression and smooth curve fitting was used to describe the relationships between physical activity and TD, and segmented regression model were used to analyze the threshold effect between them. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using interaction and stratified analysis. Results: A U-shaped relationship between daily MIMS units and risk of TD was observed. The optimal value of daily MIMS units for the lowest risk of TD was 14.77 (×103), the risk of TD decreased by 5% in patients per unit increase of daily MIMS units when daily MIMS units <14.77 (×103) (adjusted OR = 0.95, 95%CI: 0.91, 0.99), but increased by 12% per unit increase of daily MIMS units when daily MIMS units ≥14.77 (×103) (adjusted OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.23). In sensitivity analyses, the threshold effect was also similar according to baseline characteristics (P-interaction >0.05). Conclusion: In a nationally representative sample of US adult males, light to moderate intensity physical activity is associated with a lower odds of TD, while high-intensity physical activity is associated with a higher risk of TD.

Who cares about oligozoospermia when we have ICSI.

The value of assessing subfertile males with oligozoospermia is controversial due to prevailing notions that therapies are limited and ICSI may provide the couple with a baby without the need to explain the nature or cause of underlying male infertility. This article highlights that indiscriminately offering ICSI to oligozoospermic men is not free of potential adverse effects and does not grant subfertile men the best fertility pathway. Recent data support associations between oligozoospermia and poor male reproductive health, DNA and epigenetic damage in spermatozoa, and possible adverse health consequences to offspring. Many conditions affecting the testicles are capable of causing oligozoospermia (varicocele, genital infections, congenital and genetic defects testicular torsion/trauma, chronic diseases, inadequate lifestyle, occupational/environmental exposure to toxicants, drugs, cancer and related treatments, acute febrile illness, endocrine disorders, and iatrogenic damage to the genitourinary system). If oligozoospermia is detected, therapeutic interventions can improve sperm quantity/quality and the overall male health, ultimately resulting in better pregnancy outcomes even when ICSI is used. Fertility clinics are urged to engage male infertility specialists in diagnosing and treating oligozoospermia as a matter of best clinical practice. A well-conducted male infertility evaluation represents a unique opportunity to identify relevant medical and infertility conditions, many of which may be treated or alleviated. The andrological assessment may also help guide the optimal application of ICSI. The final goals are to positively impact the overall patient health, the couple's pregnancy prospects, and the offspring's well-being.

CF and male health: Sexual and reproductive health, hypogonadism, and fertility.

Over 30,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF), and over 50% of those with CF are male. Men with CF face specific and sometimes difficult sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues, including infertility and hypogonadism. Male infertility affects over 95% of men with CF, with obstructive azoospermia resulting from congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens being the primary cause of infertility. SRH education for males with CF represents an important opportunity for clinical improvement, as the majority of men with CF know that their disease impacts their fertility, however the depth of this understanding varies significantly. Hypogonadism is a clinical syndrome that affects men with low testosterone level, a common finding among men with CF that has clinical implications and can significantly affect quality of life. Better understanding of SRH attitudes, the prevalence of hypogonadism, and management of infertility in men with CF should remain future research priorities.

Sex differences in refeeding among hospitalized adolescents and young adults with eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To determine sex differences in refeeding (i.e., short-term nutritional rehabilitation) outcomes among hospitalized adolescents and young adults with eating disorders. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of 601 patients aged 9-25 years admitted to the University of California, San Francisco Eating Disorders Program for medical and nutritional management between May 2012 and August 2020. Descriptive statistics, crude, and adjusted linear regression models were used to assess the association between sex and nutritional outcomes and predictors of length of stay. RESULTS: A total of 588 adolescents and young adults met eligibility criteria (16% male, mean [SD] age 15.96 [2.75], 71.6% anorexia nervosa, admission percent median body mass index [%mBMI] 87.1 ± 14.1). In unadjusted comparisons, there were no significant sex differences in prescribed kilocalories (kcal) per day at admission (2013 vs. 1980, p = .188); however, males had higher estimated energy requirements (EER, kcal) (3,694 vs. 2,925, p < .001). In linear regression models adjusting for potential confounders, male sex was associated with higher prescribed kcals at discharge (B = 835 kcal, p < .001), greater weight change (B = 0.47 kg, p = .021), and longer length of stay (B = 1.94 days, p = .001) than females. Older age, lower admission weight, lower prescribed kcal at admission, higher EER, and lower heart rate at admission were factors associated with longer length of stay in a linear regression model. DISCUSSION: These findings support the development of individualized approaches for males with eating disorders to improve quality of care and health care efficiency among an underserved population.

Clinical characteristics and comorbidities associated with testosterone prescribing in men.

OBJECTIVE: Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is recommended for the treatment of symptomatic hypogonadism in men. Data on prescription behaviours are, however, limited and conflicting. The objective of this study was to investigate clinical characteristics associated with the likelihood of being prescribed TRT by general practitioners (GP) in North-West London (NWL). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using Discover database of GP-registered patients in NWL between 2015 and 2019. PATIENTS: We identified 20,299 men aged ≥18 years with serum total testosterone measurement (TT) and without prior TRT prescription records. MEASUREMENTS: We determined whether TRT was subsequently commenced, while analysing clinical characteristics related to hypogonadism. RESULTS: Of all men having TT measurement, 19,583 (96.4%) were not commenced on TRT (Group A) and 716 (3.5%) men were commenced on TRT (Group B). Men prescribed TRT (Group B) had higher mean age, body mass index (BMI) and higher risks of hypertension, depression type 2 diabetes and ischaemic heart disease; conversely, men in Group B had lower mean pretreatment TT and were less likely to have prostate cancer. Four-hundred and thirty-six men (24.3%) with TT < 8 nmol/L and symptoms of low libido were not prescribed TRT. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights several factors which may influence the decisions made by clinicians when initiating TRT in primary care. Clearer guidance for clinicians may help to improve the consistency of treatment of men with hypogonadism.

Endothelin-1 axes in the framework of predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medicine.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the regulation of a myriad of processes highly relevant for physical and mental well-being; female and male health; in the modulation of senses, pain, stress reactions and drug sensitivity as well as healing processes, amongst others. Shifted ET-1 homeostasis may influence and predict the development and progression of suboptimal health conditions, metabolic impairments with cascading complications, ageing and related pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, aggressive malignancies, modulating, therefore, individual outcomes of both non-communicable and infectious diseases such as COVID-19. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the involvement of ET-1 and related regulatory pathways in physiological and pathophysiological processes and estimates its capacity as a predictor of ageing and related pathologies,a sensor of lifestyle quality and progression of suboptimal health conditions to diseases for their targeted preventionand as a potent target for cost-effective treatments tailored to the person.

What Influences Coital Frequency Among Chinese Men?: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: There are many Western reports on factors influencing coital frequency among men. However, no articles could be found about the factors influencing sexual activity among Chinese men. AIM: The aim of this study was to identify the factors that influence the coital frequency of Chinese men. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures included self-reported monthly coital frequency, age, occupation, education level, andrology-related scales and dietary habits. METHODS: Data for 1,407 men aged 18-79 years were collected in the Health Management Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2019 to May 2019. The respondents completed the questionnaires independently or with the help of an interviewer (who read or explained the questionnaires to them) to analyse the factors that influence coital frequency. RESULTS: In the previous 6 months, the sample had a mean monthly coital frequency (±SD) of 4.34 ± 3.18. Univariate logistic regression results indicated that the number of children (P = 0.004), IIEF-5 scores (P <0.001), EHSs (P <0.001) and frequency of milk consumption (P = 0.001) were associated with more frequent sexual activity. These statistical associations did not change after further adjustment for age, occupation, and reproductive history. We observed that the frequency of sexual activity showed an increasing trend with a greater number of children, higher IIEF-5 scores, higher EHSs and greater frequency of milk consumption (test for trend, P<0.05). Both univariate and multivariate analysis results indicated that the frequency of sexual activity decreased with increasing age (test for trend, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The coital frequency of Chinese men is associated with erectile function, anthropometric parameters, age, occupation, and dietary habits. Xiang Y, Peng J, Yang J, et al. What Influences Coital Frequency Among Chinese Men?: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sex Med 2021;9:100363.

The Association between Mortality and Male Infertility: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current body of evidence on the relationship between impaired male fertility and the risk of early death through a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based retrospective cohort studies. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to August 2020 according to the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Pooled Risk Ratio (RR), Risk Difference (Δr), Hazard Ratio (HR) and Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) differences among male factor infertility cohorts were compared to fertile/normospermic control populations or to national mortality data. RESULTS: Six studies from 2006 to 2020 met inclusion criteria. Three studies examined male infertility and mortality (ntot = 202,456; ndeaths = 1396), while four studies examined survival in relation to semen parameters (ntot = 59,291; ndeaths = 643). Comparing infertile to fertile men, pooled HR for the risk of death was 1.26 (95%CI:1.01-1.59). Pooled RR and Δr of death for combined oligo- and azoospermic men vs normospermic men was 1.67 (95%CI:1.26-2.21) and 0.37% (95%CI:0.18-0.55%) respectively. When comparing oligo- and normospermic men to azoospermic men, the cumulative HR was 1.31 (95%CI:1.11-1.54) and 2.17 (95%CI:1.55-3.04) respectively. Infertile men had a lower overall risk of death compared to the overall population (SMR, 0.38, 95%CI:0.31-0.45). CONCLUSION: Compared to fertile men, infertile men had a higher risk of death. Moreover, the risk of death increased with increasing severity of semen quality impairment. However, compared to men from the general population, infertile men have a lower risk of death suggesting that social determinants of health are also important.

[Influence of the germline microbiome on male health and related diseases].

The reproductive microbiota plays an important role in male health and the development and progression of related diseases, but few studies have been reported on its action mechanism and future application. Microbiotas exist in different parts of the male reproductive system, as in the prostate, testicles and semen, with specific microbial characteristics. They are different in structure, bacterial abundance and dominant bacterial genera, and meanwhile closely related because of the relationship between the male reproductive and urinary systems in anatomy and function. The microbiota in the male reproductive system plays an essential role in maintaining the general and local homeostasis of the human genitourinary system. Imbalance of microbiotas can lead to the development and progression of related diseases. An insight into the action mechanism of microbiotas may contribute to the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers and new therapeutic targets for male diseases. This review summarizes the effects of reproductive microbiotas on male health and related diseases in order to help solve relevant clinical problems.

Socioeconomic Disadvantage, Mental Health and Substance Use in Young Men in Emerging Adulthood.

Emerging adulthood is a neglected phase of the life course in health research. Health problems and risk behaviors at this time of life can have long-term consequences for health. The 2016 Lancet Commission on Adolescent Health and Wellbeing reported that the influence of socioeconomic factors was under-researched among adolescents and young adults. Moreover, the influence of socioeconomic factors on health has been little researched specifically in emerging adult men. We aimed to investigate associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and mental health, suicidal behavior, and substance use in young adult Australian men. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between Year 12 (high school) completion and area disadvantage on mental health, suicidal behavior, and substance use in 2,281 young men age 18-25 participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health (Ten to Men). In unadjusted analysis both Year 12 non-completion and area disadvantage were associated with multiple adverse outcomes. In adjusted analysis Year 12 non-completion, but not area disadvantage, was associated with poorer mental health, increased odds of suicidal behavior, and substance use. Retaining young men in high school and developing health-promotion strategies targeted at those who do exit education early could both improve young men's mental health and reduce suicidal behavior and substance use in emerging adulthood.

New insights to guide patient care: the bidirectional relationship between male infertility and male health.

Male reproduction is a complex process, and numerous medical conditions have the potential to alter spermatogenesis. In addition, male factor infertility may be a biomarker for future health. In the present review, we discuss the current literature regarding the association between systemic diseases and fertility, which may impact clinical outcomes or semen parameters. A number of conditions that have systemic consequences were identified, including genetic (e.g., cystic fibrosis, DNA mismatch repair alterations), obesity, psychological stress, exogenous testosterone, and a variety of common medications. As such, the infertility evaluation may offer an opportunity for health counseling beyond the discussion of reproductive goals. Moreover, male infertility has been suggested as a marker of future health, given that poor semen parameters and a diagnosis of male infertility are associated with an increased risk of hypogonadism, cardiometabolic disease, cancer, and even mortality. Therefore, male fertility requires multidisciplinary expertise for evaluation, treatment, and counseling.

Male Mortality Trends in the United States, 1900-2010: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities.

OBJECTIVES: Male mortality fell substantially during the past century, and major causes of death changed. Building on our recent analysis of female mortality trends in the United States, we examined all-cause and cause-specific mortality trends at each decade from 1900 to 2010 among US males. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive study of age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) for 11 categories of disease and injury stratified by race (white, nonwhite, and, when available, black), the excess of male mortality over female mortality ([male AADR - female AADR]/female AADR), and potential causes of persistent excess of male mortality. We used national mortality data for each decade. RESULTS: From 1900 to 2010, the all-cause AADR declined 66.4% among white males and 74.5% among nonwhite males. Five major causes of death in 1900 were pneumonia and influenza, heart disease, stroke, tuberculosis, and unintentional nonmotor vehicle injuries; in 2010, infectious conditions were replaced by cancers and chronic lower respiratory diseases. The all-cause excess of male mortality rose from 9.1% in 1900 to 65.5% in 1980 among white males and a peak of 63.7% in 1990 among nonwhite males, subsequently falling among all groups. CONCLUSION: During the last century, AADRs among males declined more slowly than among females. Although the gap diminished in recent decades, exploration of social and behavioral factors may inform interventions that could further reduce death rates among males.

Necessidades e reivindicações de homens trabalhadores rurais frente à atenção primária à saúde / Needs and demands of male rural workers regarding primary health care / Necesidades y reclamaciones de los trabajadores rurales en materia de atención primaria de salud

Resumo O objetivo foi compreender as principais necessidades e reivindicações de homens trabalhadores rurais frente a uma equipe de Atenção Primária à Saúde, Japonvar, MG, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, guiado pela abordagem hermenêutica-dialética. Foram realizadas 41 entrevistas em profundidade, registros em diário de campo e coleta de dados secundários. Na análise, utilizamos os níveis de interpretação, permitindo a construção de duas categorias temáticas para as necessidades de saúde: 'aumento no fornecimento de medicamentos' e 'acesso a exames especializados e específicos para a próstata'. Também foram desenvolvidas duas categorias para as reivindicações sociais: 'reconhecimento como usuários do serviço de saúde' e 'grupos de educação em saúde com temáticas masculinas'. A discussão foi alicerçada nos atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde e na Teoria dos Marcadores Sociais e Interseccionalidades. O estudo possibilitou compreender o processo produtivo, conhecer as características clínico-epidemiológicas e discutir a invisibilidade dos trabalhadores rurais na procura e acesso aos serviços de saúde. Observamos uma valorização do modelo assistencial curativista e a contribuição positiva das reivindicações dos homens para o fortalecimento dos movimentos de luta pelo direito social à saúde.

Abstract The aim was to understand the main needs and demands of male rural workers regarding a Primary Health Care team in Southeastern Brazil. It is a qualitative study, which was guided by the hermeneutic-dialectical approach. We conducted 41 in-depth interviews, recorded notes on field journals, and collected secondary data. In the analysis, we used the levels of interpretation, which enabled the development of two thematic categories for the health needs: "increase in the supply of medicines" and "access to specialized and specific prostate exams." We also developed two categories for the social demands: "acknowledgment as users of the health service" and "education in health groups dealing with male issues." The discussion was based on the attributes of Primary Health Care and on the Social Markers and Intersectionality Theory. The study enabled us to comprehend the production process, to get to know the clinical-epidemiological characteristics, and to discuss the invisibility of the rural workers in the demand for and access to health services. We observed a high regard for the curative care model, and the positive contribution of the demand of the men to the strengthening of the movements of struggle for the right to social health.

Resumen El objetivo fue comprender las principales necesidades y reclamaciones de los trabajadores rurales ante un equipo de Atención Primaria de Salud en sudeste de Brasil. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, guiado por el enfoque hermenéutico-dialéctico. Se realizaron 41 entrevistas en profundidad, registros diarios de campo y recopilación de datos secundarios. En el análisis se utilizaron los niveles de interpretación, permitiendo la construcción de dos categorías temáticas para las necesidades de salud: "aumento del suministro de medicamentos" y "acceso a exámenes especializados y específicos de próstata". También se desarrollaron dos categorías para reivindicaciones sociales: "reconocimiento como usuarios del servicio de salud" y "grupos de educación sanitaria con temas masculinos". La discusión se basó en los atributos de la Atención Primaria de Salud y en la Teoría de Marcadores Sociales e Interseccionalidades. El estudio permitió comprender el proceso productivo, conocer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas y discutir la invisibilidad de los trabajadores rurales en la búsqueda y acceso a los servicios de salud. Observamos una apreciación del modelo de medicina curativa y la contribución positiva de las reivindicaciones de los hombres para fortalecer los movimientos que luchan por el derecho social a la salud.

The present crisis in male reproductive health: an urgent need for a political, social, and research roadmap.

BACKGROUND: There is a global crisis in male reproductive health. Evidence comes from globally declining sperm counts and increasing male reproductive system abnormalities, such as cryptorchidism, germ cell tumors, and onset of puberty. Male factor infertility occurs in ~40% of couples experiencing infertility. Data demonstrate an association between male infertility and overall health. Associated significant health conditions include diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Adding to the complexity is that men typically do not seek health care unless there is acute medical need or, as in the case of the infertile couple, the male goes for a reproductive examination and semen analysis. However, 25% of the time a reproductive health examination does not occur. Couples are increasingly utilizing IVF at more advanced ages, and advanced paternal age is associated with increased risk for (i) adverse perinatal outcomes for both offspring and mother; (ii) early child mortality, cancer, and mental health issues. In addition to age, paternal lifestyle factors, such as obesity and smoking, impact not only the male fertility but also the offspring wellness. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper was (i) to spotlight emerging and concerning data on male reproductive health, the relationship(s) between male reproductive and somatic health, and the heritable conditions father can pass to offspring, and (ii) to present a strategic roadmap with the goals of increasing (a) the awareness of men and society on the aforementioned, (b) the participation of men in healthcare seeking, and (c) advocacy to invigorate policy and funding agencies to support increased research into male reproductive biology. CONCLUSIONS: The Male Reproductive Health Initiative (MRHI) is a newly established and rapidly growing global consortium of key opinion leaders in research, medicine, funding and policy agencies, and patient support groups that are moving forward the significant task of accomplishing the goals of the strategic roadmap.

Water and soil pollution as determinant of water and food quality/contamination and its impact on male fertility.

Over the past two decades, public health has focused on the identification of environmental chemical factors that are able to adversely affect hormonal function, known as endocrine disruptors (EDs). EDs mimic naturally occurring hormones like estrogens and androgens which can in turn interfere with the endocrine system. As a consequence, EDs affect human reproduction as well as post and pre-natal development. In fact, infants can be affected already at prenatal level due to maternal exposure to EDs. In particular, great attention has been given to those chemicals, or their metabolites, that have estrogenic properties or antagonistic effects on the activity of androgen or even inhibiting their production. These compounds have therefore the potential of interfering with important physiological processes, such as masculinization, morphological development of the urogenital system and secondary sexual traits. Animal and in vitro studies have supported the conclusion that endocrine-disrupting chemicals affect the hormone-dependent pathways responsible for male gonadal development, either through direct interaction with hormone receptors or via epigenetic and cell-cycle regulatory modes of action. In human populations, epidemiological studies have reported an overall decline of male fertility and an increased incidence of diseases or congenital malformations of the male reproductive system. The majority of studies point towards an association between exposure to EDs and male and/or female reproductive system disorders, such as infertility, endometriosis, breast cancer, testicular cancer, poor sperm quality and/or function. Despite promising discoveries, a causal relationship between the reproductive disorders and exposure to specific toxicants has yet to be established, due to the complexity of the clinical protocols used, the degree of occupational or environmental exposure, the determination of the variables measured and the sample size of the subjects examined. Despite the lack of consistency in the results of so many studies investigating endocrine-disrupting properties of many different classes of chemicals, the overall conclusion points toward a positive association between exposure to EDs and reproductive system. Future studies should focus on a uniform systems to examine human populations with regard to the exposure to specific EDs and the direct effect on the reproductive system.

Entre o Trabalhador e o Vagabundo: Produção de Masculinidades na História da Saúde no Brasil / Entre el Trabajador y el Vagabundo: La Producción de las Masculinidades en la Historia de la Salud en Brasil / Between the Worker and the Vagabond: Production of Masculinities in the History of Health in Brazil

Resumo A Política de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem (PNAISH) emerge em 2009, colocando como objeto de atenção o corpo social masculino. Tendo em vista que a saúde dos homens é uma temática atual nos estudos de gênero, buscamos retomar os principais movimentos de produção social de masculinidades atravessados pela medicalização em distintas conjunturas históricas. Para tanto, apoiamo-nos em operadores conceituais pós-estruturalistas que buscam tomar as masculinidades como frutos de determinados contextos caracterizados por relações de saber-poder e de ênero, além de outros marcadores sociais. A análise aponta para as condições de possibilidade que conduziram determinadas masculinidades ao campo da abjeção por meio da marcação racial e pelo dispositivo do trabalho enquanto estratégia de poder para a medicalização do corpo social masculino. Nesta seara, a versão brasileira das masculinidades transita pela linha limítrofe entre o trabalhador e o vagabundo, linha essa traçada por mecanismos de medicalização e criminalização operando concomitantemente.

Resumen La Política de Atención Integral a la Salud del Hombre (PNAISH) emerge en 2009, colocando como objeto de atención el cuerpo social masculino. En vista de que la salud de los hombres es una temática actual en los estudios de género, buscamos retomar los principales movimientos de producción social de masculinidades atravesados por la medicalización en distintas coyunturas históricas. Para ello, nos apoyamos en operadores conceptuales pos-estructuralistas que buscan tomar las masculinidades como frutos de determinados contextos caracterizados por relaciones de saber-poder y de género, además de otros marcadores sociales. El análisis apunta a las condiciones de posibilidad que condujeron determinadas masculinidades al campo de la abyección por medio del marcado racial y por el dispositivo del trabajo como estrategia de poder para la medicalización del cuerpo social masculino. En esta segua, la versión brasileña de las masculinidades transita por la línea limítrofe entre el trabajador y el vagabundo, línea que traza por mecanismos de medicalización y criminalización operando concomitantemente.

Abstract The Comprehensive Healthcare Policy for Men (PNAISH) emerges in 2009, presenting as object of attention the male social body. Given that men's health is a current theme in gender studies, we seek to recapture the main movemens of social production of masculinities crossed by medicalization in different historical conjunctures. To that end, we rely on post-structuralist conceptual operators that seek to take masculinities as product of certain contexts characterized by relations of power-knowledge and gender, as well as other social markers. Analysis points to the conditions of possibility that led certain masculinities to the field of abjection through racial marking and the labor device as a strategy of power for the medicalization of male social body. In this area, the Brazilian version of masculinities transits along the bondary line between the worker and the vagabond, a line drawn by medicalization and criminalization mechanisms that operate concurrently.